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Speech and Language Impairments Disability Essay

Disability Profile:

Communication, being the exchange of thoughts, ideas, feelings and information. Communication can be both verbal and nonverbal, examples of nonlinguistic communication can be posture, eye contact, gesture or head and body movement.

On the other hand verbal communication can be in the form of speech and language and in order to better understand speech and language impairments one must first understand how they work both the ability and the disability forms.

Speech is the expression of language using sounds in an effort to convey thoughts, ideas and intentions. Speech is a very complicated process in humans, as compared to other animals we are not the only organisms to emit sounds but we are the only that have a vocal tract that allows us to emit a whole variety of complicated sounds. Its a result of a precise physiological and neuromuscular coordination, this is done by three steps, the first being respiration which is the normal breathing process, second comes phonation, which is the production of sound within the larynx and vocal fold, third comes articulation which is the use of our tongue, teeth, soft and hard plates to form speech sounds. As for the disorder speech impairment is mainly characterized by the difficulty in articulation of words like wrong pronunciation where normal speech is disrupted, this can range from stuttering, lisps, etc. to the utter disability of speech which is called mute.

Language on the other hand is a rule based method of communication involving the use of signs and symbols by which ideas are conveyed. The main purpose of language is self expression and communications and can be seen as a code that represents ideas and concepts in the world. When a person knows a certain language, it means that a person is able to apply the basic units and the complex rules governing the relationships among the sounds, words, sentences, meaning and the use of language.

Language contains five interrelated yet distinct elements: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatic. And as for the disability, language impairment is the disorder concerning the understanding and sharing of thoughts, ideas and processing. Problems can involve either grammar, meaning or other aspects of language. This impairment affects all forms of language whether it's spoken, written or even sign language.

There are various known causes of speech and language impairments, such as hearing loss, neurological disorders, brain injury, intellectual disability, physical impairments  and vocal abuse.Many of these types of disorders can be treated by speech therapy, but others require medical attention by a doctor in phoniatrics. Other treatments include correction of organic conditions and psychotherapy.

Disability Analysis:

Indeed Suffering from a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children. Those with a speech disorder can be targets of bullying because of their disorder. The bullying can result in decreased self-esteem. Later in life, bullying is experienced less by a general population, as people become more understanding as they age. This disability can be particularly harder to overcome at a young age where the a person is in a character forming stage and being laughed at and taunted plays a negative role at such a young stage.

Speech and language impairments may also result in discrimination in the workplace. For example, an employer would be discriminatory if he/she chose to not make reasonable accommodations for the affected individual, such as allowing the individual to miss work for medical appointments or not making onsite-accommodations needed because of the speech impairment.Therapy often occurs in small groups of three or four students with similar needs. Meeting either in the office of the speech-language pathologist or in the classroom, sessions may take from 30 minutes to one hour. They may occur several times per week. After introductory conversations, the session is focused on a particular therapeutic activity, such as coordination and strengthening exercises of speech muscles or improving fluency through breathing techniques.

As the disabled person grows with a better understanding of one's disability, the surrounding environment becomes more and more accepting of his or hers disability and becomes less of an issue because of the person has positively learned to overcome his or her disability and move on. Intervention services will be guided by the strengths and needs determined by the speech and language evaluation. The areas of need may be addressed individually until each one is functional; alternatively, multiple needs may be addressed simultaneously through the intervention techniques. If possible, all interventions will be geared towards the goal of developing typical communicative interaction. To this end, interventions typically follow either a preventive, remedial, or compensatory model.

Future Trends:

I chose to research this disability mostly due to me having come across several people with speech and language disability, over the years I have had friends and family that suffer from a number of speech and language disability, at grade school one of my friend used to have a speech problem called cluttering I remember a number of classmates used to make fun of him and taunt him but that wouldn't bother him, looking back at the situation this friend of mine at the course of his lifetime he learned to accept and adapt to his disability and even make fun of it himself. This can be a positive and negative thing to do, in the positive he managed to overcome the social aspect and he did that very well but on the other hand it's a negative thing to do on the long run because this prevented him from seeking help and working on fixing his disability, I lost contact to this person but I assume things haven't changed much. I also have a sister that has a speech impairment called lisps, she has trouble saying the letter S, over the course of the years I have been bullying her about this but after learning more about this disability I will make sure I take a more positive course of action towards her and teach her in a good manner about her disability and ways to overcome it.

These impairments represent a high incidence disability, advances in the area of genetic research and enhanced assistive technology. As research confirms the benefits of early intervention medical and educational professionals have become increasingly aware of the urgent need of early diagnosis and timely well provision of services. The base of knowledge regarding the causes of speech and language impairments are expanding rapidly and more effective strategies are being worked on to be put in place,  As the human genome project unlocks complexities of the genetic code the incidence of syndromes and disorders with a hereditary component may be reduced as medical intervention becomes more and more effective. Future trends  continue to shape the professional practice by considering major ecological factors, such as culture, in relation to speech and language impairments. It was during this period that IDEA was passed, and this allowed professionals to begin working with a greater scope and to increase the diversity of problems with which they concerned themselves

Recommendation:

As technology advances the future of all disabilities are much brighter than ever, almost every day we see new breakthroughs in the world of medicine and health. But as for speech and language impairments, professionals are more qualified now than ever with great knowledge in all different aspects that contribute to the the curing of a patient. Professionals these days have a rich background in ecology and culture where a professional have an expanded point of view on the disability itself which in turn help through the diagnosing process and ultimately the healing and curing process.

I think the trends are on the right track and from what I have learned they have done a marvelous job on all different aspects, Aided systems are often electronic devices, and they may or may not provide some form of voice output. If a device does create a voice output, it is referred to as a speech generating device. While the message may take the form of speech output, it may also be printed as a visual display of speech. Many of these devices can be connected to a computer, and in some cases, they may even be adapted to produce a variety of different languages and to me they seem to be heading to an ultimate cure of all disabilities and especially the speech and language impairment.

I would recommend that parents, who encounter the disabled child the most should be educated more so they can also play a positive role in diagnosing and sending the child to a professional if needed. Parents should always act with a positive manner if in fact the child has a speech or language impairment, they should make sure all is done for the child with a discrete notion so the child is not effected with the enormous attention he is getting. Because I believe the child should not be aware that his disability is of any importance to the people that love him or her.

Globalization and How it Affects You

As I started to break down my everyday items, I was really surprised by the complicated processes it takes to make an end product. Beginning with the first item, the way I start my day, by having my Nestle cereal breakfast then jumping in my mustang with my cellphone. About my car, I really like my car because of its reliability and nice ride. Its an American car that represents a whole class of vehicles called pony cars. The third category is Information Technology and the brand I chose is Apple. I chose this brand to investigate because I used several Apple products and I wanted to know more about the company itself. The spatial distribution of Apple products are US and Asia based. Although Apple’s headquarter is in the US, most of the productions are in Asia, more specifically China. The design of the product is made in the US and the design is sent to China to assemble. After the finishing the Apple products, they are boxed and shipped to the US and distributed to all the Apple stores in the US.

In conclusion with thanks to globalization all countries are connected to the global economy whether they hold a position of importance that varies widely. For example African countries are seen as limited producing countries and more of consuming countries. This is also seen in the Middle Eastern region as well. Globalization made different regions of the world have different duties in the world economy whether producing or consuming countries all countries do have certain duties.

Global Economy and Globalization Essay and Project

Clothing
Item	Company	Country
Shirt	Izod	Kenya
Jacket	North Face	Indonesia
Jeans	Levis	Mexico
Underwear	Calvin Klein	Bangladesh
Shoes	Nike	Vietnam
Leather Jacket	Diesel	Tunisia
Cleats	Adidas	Indonesia
Shirt	Zara	Bangladesh
Boots	Timberland	Dominican Republic
Wind Breaker	Under Armour	Jordan

Electronics
Item	Company	Country
Cell Phone	Apple	China
Wireless Keyboard	Logitech	China
Laptop	HP	China
TV	Toshiba	Japan
Hair Clipper	Wahl	China
Refrigerator	Frigidaire	Mexico
Washing Machine	Samsung	Japan
Dishwasher	Whirlpool	USA
Dryer	GE	Mexico
AC	LG	Japan

Durable Household Goods
Item	Company	Country
Pistol	Smith & Wesson	USA
Car	Chevrolet	USA
Motorcycle	Honda	Japan
Lawnmower	Honda	Japan
Toolbox	Snap-on	USA
Drill	Dewalt	China
Furniture	Ikea	Sweden
Cup	-	China
Fauce	Grohe	India
Bedsheets	Ikea	Sweden

After placing dots on the map the big picture becomes much more clear, Southeastern asia plays a very important role in the world economy especially china. What surprised me the most is the european absence in the map, I think this is due to their manufacturing principle, quality over quantity. China holds the most manufacturing origins out of all of my items, even though some of the companies are based and headquartered in the western world yet their products are produced in China and other countries, this is clear to see in United States case, many of the American car brands produced in mexico though their headquarters is just across the border.

I think with globalization all countries are connected to the global economy whether they hold a position of importance that varies widely. For example African countries are seen as limited producing countries and more of consuming countries. This is also seen in the Middle Eastern region as well. Globalization made different regions of the world have different duties in the world economy whether producing or consuming countries all countries do have certain duties.

The European absence can be explained by the production of fine products means that they favor quality over quantity, European vehicles are relatively expensive and wit the large price tag they make up for the low numbers sold. Another good example on this would be swiss watches, one Swiss watch could be worth thousands of cheap chinese ones, so yes china will show up more on the economic regional map but the absence of the european industry means its exclusive and limited to certain numbers.

The Carbon Trading Scheme Explained

Economic Geography Essay

The Carbon Trading Scheme is a scheme used by countries that overproduce carbon emissions, which they buy carbon emission permits from developing countries with a forested area called “sinks”, this way countries can offset their carbon footprint and continue to produce more carbon emissions on behalf of a low producing country. This way production continues and whatever additional costs paid are added to the cost of production which the consumer accounts for.

• The reliability of baseline measures. While carbon dioxide is relatively easy to measure and account for, other sources of more potent greenhouse gases such as methane are less well understood and so baseline measurements are uncertain. .

• The difficulties of continuous monitoring: Climate change is caused by multiple gases and they come from many different sources. The problem of measuring all sources with countries with limited capabilities poses as an obstacle.

• The allocation of permits when markets are first created. Establishing a brand new market requires decisions to be made about how many pollution permits will be assigned to individual firms before the trading begins.

I think it contributes to more to industrial sustainability on behalf of the environment, even though the carbon trade scheme contributes to the preservation of forests because they are seen as assets worth keeping, more carbon emissions is being released to the atmosphere which leads to climate change and the damage of nature. While its very difficult to keep track of emissions and the damage of the gasses emitted are still unknown I think the criticism to the carbon trading scheme are valid and should be reviewed. But as we have learned developing countries and producing countries are both involved in the scheme so the blame is on both of the countries and more strict steps should be taken to ensure the protection of natural assets regardless of profit.

- Economic Geography: A Contemporary Introduction

Neil M.Coe - Philip F.Kelly - Henry Wai-Chung.Yeung - Wiley-Blackwell - 2013

Different Cultures, One Body

Intercultural Communication

I’d like to speak about three cultures that affected my character and personality, I want to start with my Muslim Identity first because it has the biggest impact on my development and identity, the Islamic religion dictates laws, principles and action its adherents abide by, which in turn regulates one's actions and interactions with others. This has reflected on me in the way I treat myself and others, for example friends and co-workers have frequently told that I'm a overly smiling person, I interpret this trait a habit that is encouraged by the prophet Mohammed, in his Sunnah we are told to smile frequently and  has even told us that smiling is a form of charity. From the previous example, it's clear that as a Muslim my primary role model is the final prophet of Islam Muhammad and I try to copy his acts and follow his regulations as a sign of compliance to God. A value that I hold dearly that I’ve inherited is kindness to animals, we are told to feed and water animals, this is shown by how the prophet would share stories of how a sinful women entered paradise by watering a dog and another worshipping women entered hell by not feeding her cat. Another aspect would be being kind always to our mother, prophet Mohammad emphasized on this a lot, it is told that “paradise lies under mothers feet” and that worshipping God is by being good to our mothers, also the Prophet has told us that our mothers must always be obeyed so another companion of his asked him about fathers so the prophet said, “Obey your mother, then your mothers, then your mother and then your fathers” so obeying one's mother is a very important value I hold dearly thanks to the instructions of my Prophet. In conclusion my Islamic identity is the primary way I identify with myself, family and other.

Another Cultural aspect of my Identity would be my Bedouin Arab ethnicity, my family comes from a long ancestry of Bedouin wanderers and they have passed down to me also what I consider some of the most defining characteristics of my personality. Bedouins hold are very hardcore when it comes to values and principles, we are known for our Hospitality, Generosity and Genuine. People that I usually interact with the first time usually notice this the most, Im frequently named as “Kind”, and when confronted with this I usually say that I really can't help it, as I was growing up when people used to visit, my family would take the utmost care of guests and making them feel home. This has definitely defined the way I interact with strangers, this trait had been passed down by stories I was told growing up, one which discusses a person that had killed a man and asked protection by a bedouin arab so the man stayed for a 3 days and on the third day coincidentally he is found to have killed the hosts father so because he asked for protection and the bedouin gave him his word he was left unharmed. In conclusion my Arab identity mandates norms of communication with people as a secondary and more general outlook.

Another cultural aspect that's probably the most obvious would be the “Biker”,  as I was growing up I always wanted a motorcycle and surly as soon as I turned legal I went and bought a motorcycle and ever since people regard me as a biker, a biker is basically a motorcyclist in a club and rides with other members, and wears colors, patches and attend meetings. Arabs are by nature very social and I had to fulfill this need by finding a group that fits me, I got lucky and I got it right the first time didn't need to “browse” clubs. The club I'm in is loosely held group meaning, we all consider each other brothers but at the same time its not a strong bond compared to my Islamic and Arab bond, my club isn't an outlaw group but isnt an inlaw group at the same time, it doesn't involve unlawful activities all the time (just enough to keep things interesting), this aspect of my identity has given me a label in society, my loud motorcycle and chrome for some reason keep nice people away, which is what i don't understand, its especially painful to see people hold their kids hands when they see me in gear, besides that being a biker is very fun, its makes every moment more enjoyable and keeps life worth living. The biker identity enforces some norms that has changed my perspectives on cars, and trips in them, I remember after three years riding only my motorcycle I became some what what discriminative against cars, which are called ”cages” in biker terminology, it made me also a bit more aggressive when it come to drivers that are careless and aren't aware of my presence which in turn puts my life at risk. I believe my loud motorcycle has led to more police interaction than what I was used to previously, which in turn made me more experienced when handling police and the general public, being out there all the time. In conclusion the biker identity has helped me form and develop  bonds with people that enjoy the same hobby that I do and also led to the improvement of my understanding of the general public. (its really different seeing the world on two wheels).

Final Project: Annotated Bibliography

Library 10: Research Paper Search Strategies

Topic: History of Islamic Caliphates

Books:

-Adamec, Ludwig Historical Dictionary of Islam. 2nd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow, 2009. Web

Ludwig Adamec a noted scholar of middle eastern history, he is currently a professor of middle eastern studies in the university of Arizona. Having also studying and teaching Arabic makes this professor a well qualified author in Islamic History. The author cites many sources of other encyclopedias regarding the topic as well as religious texts. Being a historical dictionary there is not much room for biases as the Islamic world was well documented and left many articles and proven historical accounts. The publishing date is pretty recent, 2009. Though it does not make much difference since the topic discussed is 1300 years old, it is much more understandable using modern terms in comparison to older terminology. The book discusses caliphates in depth by order of occurrence which makes it outstanding to use for my paper.

-Gordon, Matthew. The Rise of Islam. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2005. Print.

Matthew S. Gordon is Associate Professor of History, Miami University, Throughout his book he relies on citing original scripts of proven backgrounds such the Quran, the Sunna of sahih al bukhari and sahih al muslim.The publishing date is fairly recent, 2005. Though it does not make much difference since the topic discussed is 1300 years old, this easy to read book gives just enough detail on important events while keeping the reader focused on the main chain of event therefore I believe this book would be excellent to use.

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Periodicals:

-Sizgorich, Thomas. ""Do Prophets Come with a Sword?" Conquest, Empire, and Historical Narrative in the Early Islamic World." The American Historical Review 112.4 (2007): 993-1015. Print

Tom Sizgorich was a renowned scholar of faith, specifically late and modern Islamic history, having earned his Phd from the university of New Mexico and being the author of many books regarding this subject, he is one of the few to dedicate his time and energy to this sophisticated subject. His mastery of Latin, classical Greek, classical Arabic, Coptic and Syriac enabled him to examine documents that are usually considered in isolation from one another. citing sources from original religious scripts makes for an neutral and unbiased view on the historical chain of events. The publishing date is pretty recent, 2007. Though it does not make any difference since the topic discussed is 1300 years old, it is much more understandable using modern terms in comparison to older terminology. The article discusses caliphates in depth by order of occurrence which makes it outstanding to use for my paper.

-Afsaruddin, A. "The "Islamic State": Genealogy, Facts, and Myths." Journal of Church and State (2006): 153-73. Print.

Asma Afsaruddin is a Professor in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at Indiana University in Bloomington. She was an associate professor in Arabic and Islamic studies at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana. She has previously taught at Harvard University and the Johns Hopkins University, from which she received her PhD in 1993.Her fields of specialization include the religious and political thought of Islam, study of the primary Islamic texts (Qur'an and hadith), therefor she is excellently qualified to write about this subject, The publishing date is pretty recent, 2006. Though it does not make any difference since the topic discussed is 1300 years old, it is much more understandable using modern terms in comparison to older terminology. The article discusses caliphates in depth by order of occurrence which makes it outstanding to use for my paper.

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Websites:

-"Islam: The Caliphate." Jewish Library, n.d. Web. 1 June 2015

The Jewish Library is a nonprofit organization that receives its funding through the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, there library contains thorough and comprehensive articles on religion. The scholar Richard Hooker was a renowned scholar of faith, specifically late and modern Islamic history, having earned his Phd from the university of New Mexico and being the author of many books regarding this subject, he is one of the few to dedicate his time and energy to this sophisticated subject. His mastery of Latin, classical Greek, classical Arabic, Coptic and Syriac enabled him to examine documents that are usually considered in isolation from one another. citing sources from original religious scripts makes for an neutral and unbiased view on the historical chain of events. The publishing date is pretty recent, 2012 and all the website links do in fact work. Though it does not make any difference since the topic discussed is 1300 years old, it is much more understandable using modern terms in comparison to older terminology. The article discusses caliphates in depth by order of occurrence which makes it outstanding to use for my paper.

-"Islam, The Spread Of Islam." Islam, The Spread Of Islam. 2002. Web. 17 June 2015.

The International World History Project, founded and run by current and former university professors from around the globe and under the direction of Doctor Robert A. Guisepi, historian and author, is a collection of history related essays, maps, historical documents, educational videos, speeches and music. This website provides unbiased information and facts. The publishing date is pretty recent, 2002 and all the website links do in fact work. The website provides working links and seems to be updated regularly, the website is also a non profit website which relies on donations and individualistic contributions as a main source of funding. Though it does not make any difference since the topic discussed is 1300 years old, it is much more understandable using modern terms in comparison to older terminology. The article discusses caliphates in depth by order of occurrence which makes it outstanding to use for my paper.